The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in
1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Various paramilitary bands
resisted Nazi Germany's occupation and division of Yugoslavia from 1941 to
1945, but fought each other and ethnic opponents as much as the invaders. The
military and political movement headed by Josip "TITO" Broz
(Partisans) took full control of Yugoslavia when German and Croatian separatist
forces were defeated in 1945. Although Communist, TITO's new government and his
successors (he died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw
Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In 1989,
Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia and his
ultranationalist calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of
Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared
independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and
Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in April 1992
and under MILOSEVIC's leadership, Serbia led various military campaigns to
unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia."
These actions were ultimately unsuccessful and led to the signing of the Dayton
Peace Accords in 1995. MILOSEVIC retained control over Serbia and eventually
became president of the FRY in 1997. In 1998, an ethnic Albanian insurgency in
the formerly autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo provoked a Serbian
counterinsurgency campaign that resulted in massacres and massive expulsions of
ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo. The MILOSEVIC government's rejection of a
proposed international settlement led to NATO's bombing of Serbia in the spring
of 1999, to the withdrawal of Serbian military and police forces from Kosovo in
June 1999, and to the stationing of a NATO-led force in Kosovo to provide a
safe and secure environment for the region's ethnic communities. FRY elections
in late 2000 led to the ouster of MILOSEVIC and the installation of democratic
government. In 2003, the FRY became Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation
of the two republics. Widespread violence predominantly targeting ethnic Serbs
in Kosovo in March 2004 caused the international community to open negotiations
on the future status of Kosovo in January 2006. In June 2006, Montenegro
seceded from the federation and declared itself an independent nation. Serbia
subsequently gave notice that it was the successor state to the union of Serbia
and Montenegro. In February 2008, after nearly two years of inconclusive
negotiations, the UN-administered province of Kosovo declared itself
independent of Serbia - an action Serbia refuses to recognize. At Serbia's
request, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in October 2008 sought an advisory
opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on whether Kosovo's
unilateral declaration of independence was in accordance with international
law. In a ruling considered unfavorable to Serbia, the ICJ issued an advisory
opinion in July 2010 stating that international law did not prohibit
declarations of independence. In late 2010, Serbia agreed to an EU-drafted UNGA
Resolution acknowledging the ICJ's decision and calling for a new round of
talks between Serbia and Kosovo, this time on practical issues rather than
Kosovo's status. The EU-moderated Belgrade-Pristina dialogue began in March
2011 and was raised to the level of prime ministers in October 2012.
(Source: The World Factbook 2009.
Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2009)
For more information about Serbia:
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html
